2013년 11월 23일 토요일

About 'nature and scope of management accounting'|Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the following strategic management tools and techniques. Show how to minimize the weaknesses of each.







About 'nature and scope of management accounting'|Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the following strategic management tools and techniques. Show how to minimize the weaknesses of each.








When               you               have               a               small               business               there               will               be               times               when               you               need               to               sign               a               service               contract               for               work               that               you               need               to               have               done               in               your               business.

Or               you               may               need               to               write               a               contract               for               the               services               you               provide.

Having               a               contract               clarifies               and               documents               the               understanding,               protects               both               parties,               and               generally               provides               for               more               transparency               and               certainty               in               your               business               relationship.

While               it               is               always               a               good               idea               to               consult               with               an               attorney               before               entering               into               a               contract,               this               may               not               always               be               practical               or               financially               feasible.

You               may               be               able               to               prepare               your               own               contract               for               the               services               you               provide,               or               evaluate               a               contract               for               services               you               are               requesting.

There               are               standard               templates               available               on               websites               that               offer               legal               documents,               sometimes               for               free               and               other               times               for               a               fee.

You               may               also               be               able               to               find               standard               formats               in               an               office               supply               store.

Some               are               fill-in-the               blanks               type               forms               that               could               be               adequate               if               your               needs               are               very               general.

Or               the               templates               could               serve               as               a               basis               that               you               could               tailor               to               your               specific               needs.
               General               contents               of               a               service               agreement
               The               contents               of               a               service               contract               will               depend               on               the               parties               and               the               nature               of               the               work.

But               there               are               some               general               categories               that               should               usually               be               included               in               a               service               agreement.
               Identification               of               the               parties
               The               contract               should               clearly               identify               the               parties,               with               their               commercial               and               legal               names,               addresses,               taxpayer               ID               numbers,               telephone               and               fax               numbers,               and               e-mails.

Any               person               who               is               acting               as               legal               representative               or               agent               for               either               of               the               parties               for               purposes               of               the               agreement               should               be               specified               in               the               contract.
               Purpose               and               scope
               The               purpose               of               the               contract               should               be               clearly               spelled               out.

The               purpose               is               a               detailed               description               of               the               work               to               be               performed.

The               relationship               between               the               parties               should               also               be               indicated.

For               example,               the               work               is               being               performed               as               an               independent               contractor               and               not               as               an               employee.
               The               scope               should               be               sufficiently               detailed               so               that               both               parties               know               exactly               what               is               expected.

It               should               identify               all               tasks,               work               elements               and               objectives               of               the               contract,               and               the               timetables               by               which               major               parts               of               the               work               are               to               be               completed.

You               should               include               in               the               contract               what               the               end               result               will               be,               in               terms               of               completed               work,               standards               for               acceptability,               and               any               reports               or               other               information               that               must               be               provided.
               Depending               on               the               complexity               of               the               work,               you               may               need               to               refer               to               attachments               that               detail               the               work,               including               hours,               materials,               subcontracts               and               any               other               applicable               breakdown.

These               attachments               should               form               part               of               the               contract               and               that               should               be               explicitly               stated               in               the               contract.

If               there               is               a               proposal               that               led               to               the               signing               of               a               contract,               and               the               terms               of               the               proposal               have               been               agreed               upon,               the               contract               should               make               reference               to               that               proposal.
               If               the               service               contract               is               not               for               a               specific               job               or               project               but               rather               for               services               to               be               performed               for               a               certain               period               of               time,               that               period               should               be               clearly               stated               in               the               contract.

The               end               date               and               the               possibility               of               renewing               the               contract               should               be               indicated.
               Compensation
               The               total               compensation               to               be               paid               under               the               contract               should               be               specified,               either               as               a               lump               sum               for               the               whole               job               or               project,               hourly               rates,               unit               prices,               or               cost               per               deliverable.

If               there               are               variables               involved,               a               clause               can               be               included               stating               that               the               total               compensation               shall               not               exceed               $XX.

There               may               be               separate               schedules               that               break               down               the               compensation.

Specific               reference               should               be               made               to               expenses               in               terms               of               what               expenses               are               reimbursable               and               the               expenses               that               are               the               responsibility               of               each               of               the               parties.
               Any               premiums               or               bonuses               to               be               paid,               such               as               for               completing               the               work               early               or               under               budget,               or               on               the               contrary,               penalties               for               not               meeting               deadlines               or               for               coming               in               over               budget,               should               be               specified.

It               is               important               to               clearly               define               the               conditions               for               the               payment               of               any               premiums               or               the               charging               of               any               penalties.
               Billing               procedures               and               payment
               This               section               of               the               contract               should               specify               how               and               when               the               contractor               will               be               paid.

The               terms               could               be,               for               example,               payment               within               30               days               of               acceptance               of               services               provided               and               receipt               of               properly               completed               invoices,               upon               satisfactory               acceptance               of               each               deliverable,               upon               completion               of               each               major               part               of               the               contract,               or               payment               at               the               conclusion               of               the               contract.
               The               contract               should               describe               how               the               invoices               are               to               be               presented,               the               information               that               has               to               be               on               the               invoice,               and               any               supporting               documentation               required.

If               expenses               are               to               be               reimbursed,               there               should               be               a               requirement               to               provide               receipts.

Any               specific               accounting               requirements               should               be               indicated,               such               as               a               reference               on               the               invoice               to               the               contract               number,               and               how               the               charges               on               the               invoice               should               be               broken               down.
               The               contract               should               specify               whether               any               retention               can               be               claimed               on               payments,               such               as               withholding               a               certain               percentage               from               progress               payments,               pending               final               acceptance               of               the               completed               work.

If               there               are               retentions,               the               contract               should               indicate               how               and               when               they               will               be               reimbursed.
               Contract               management
               The               contract               should               indicate               the               person               responsible               for               administering               the               contract               for               each               of               the               parties.

This               includes               how               communications               regarding               the               contract               should               be               handled,               whether               by               e-mail,               letter,               or               other.

This               section               should               include               all               the               contact               information               for               the               contract               administrators               or               representatives.
               Insurance
               The               type               and               amount               of               insurance               coverage               to               be               maintained               by               each               of               the               parties,               and               who               is               responsible               for               the               cost               of               the               coverage               should               be               indicated.

This               may               include               commercial               general               liability               insurance,               automobile               insurance,               or               any               other               as               applicable               to               the               work               being               performed.

If               a               certificate               of               insurance               is               required               before               the               work               begins,               this               should               be               specified.

This               section               could               include               a               reference               to               protection               against               any               claims,               suits,               actions,               costs,               damages               or               expenses               arising               from               the               negligence               or               intentional               acts               or               omissions               of               the               other               party.
               Intellectual               property               and               confidentiality
               If               any               intellectual               property               or               proprietary               information               is               involved               in               the               contracted               work,               there               should               be               a               clause               in               the               contract               that               protects               the               confidentiality               of               sensitive               information               and               the               parties'               rights               and               obligations               regarding               any               intellectual               property               to               which               they               gain               knowledge.

If               any               intellectual               property               is               created               as               part               of               the               services,               the               contract               should               specify               which               party               will               retain               ownership               of               that               property               once               the               contract               is               concluded.
               Resolution               of               disputes
               If               the               parties               agree               to               a               process               or               procedure               for               resolving               any               disputes               that               could               arise,               such               as               submitting               the               dispute               to               independent               arbitration,               the               contract               should               describe               how               this               process               will               take               place               and               under               what               conditions.
               Assurance
               The               contract               should               specify               that               the               parties               agree               that               all               activity               pursuant               to               the               contract               will               be               carried               out               in               accordance               with               all               applicable               laws,               rules               and               regulations.

There               could               be               a               clause               indicating               that               the               contract               will               be               interpreted               and               governed               in               accordance               with               the               jurisdiction               in               which               the               contracted               activity               will               be               performed.
               Order               of               precedence
               The               contract               can               include               a               clause               indicating               the               order               of               precedence               that               will               apply               in               case               of               any               inconsistencies               between               the               contract               and               any               other               agreements               made               between               the               parties.
               Entire               agreement
               This               is               generally               a               clause               that               indicates               that               the               contract               and               all               referenced               attachments               constitute               all               the               terms               and               conditions               agreed               upon               by               the               parties.

This               prevents               both               parties               from               bringing               in               other               statements,               written               or               oral,               inferring               that               they               form               part               of               the               agreement.
               Approval
               Finally,               the               contract               must               be               signed               and               dated               by               the               authorized               officials               or               representatives               of               both               parties.
               If               you               have               any               concerns               about               either               signing               a               service               contract               for               work               that               your               business               is               requesting,               or               in               preparing               a               contract               for               the               services               you               are               providing,               you               should               seek               assistance               from               a               qualified               attorney.
               Sources:               
               How               to               Write               Effective               Business               Contracts               -               AllBusiness               
               Independent               Contractor               Agreement               Form               -               'Lectric               Law               Library               
               Use               Written               Service               Agreements               for               Your               Clients               -               Nolo






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