About 'management accounting principles'|What is the role of management accounting information in influencing pricing decisions
Traditional management accounting involves methods of spending tracking that have been used for decades to help with business decision-making. Despite today's computers, traditional management accounting principles are still widely used and provide the basis of computer accounting software. Understanding how these methods work helps understand why modern accounting methods may be better or worse, even if automated on a computer. Early Cost Accounting Cost accounting attempts to attribute every cost incurred to a product or service sold. This includes both direct and indirect expenses. The labor and materials used to make a product are direct costs. The electricity to power the factor is not unit-specific and has to be spread out. Cost accounting takes such costs and attributes them on all on products or services sold. This is called overhead. Businesses have used this method since the early 1900s to recapture their expenses through items sold (see Reference 3). The earliest methods broke such costs down to an hourly value and attributed them to the production expense per each unit made. Budgeting Budgeting accounting involves setting an allowed expense amount for an activity over a period of time. The activity or production process has to stay within budget during that time window. This method of traditional accounting was used as early as 250 years ago in England to place a cap on expenses for a business (see Reference 3). If expenses stayed within budget, then the operation ran well. If it exceeded the allowed budget, then the operation had a problem due to management's failure. Cash Monitoring This management tool focuses on the cash flows within a business: inflow and outflow. By focusing on revenue and expenses in terms of cash in the bank account, the management accounting manager is putting attention on short-term changes to stay above $0. From this perspective, the business needs to stay solvent. Going deficit means the business has to temporarily stop until it has cash flow again. A cash approach, as a result, does not allow for business decisions based on accruals or credit. Incremental Change Analysis For accounts receivables incremental analysis helps decision-making using accounting data that tracks changes in money owed to a business. By keeping accounts receivable low with prompt and aggressive attention and follow-up, a business can make sure revenue continues timely and credit extensions to customers are kept to a minimum. Every company for centuries has understood that eventually customers who don't pay up are bad for business. Return on Investment The primary focus of a business is to make profit. So, from an account perspective, business in the early 1900s began to seek some sort of method to show this profit actually occurring (see Reference 3). The return on investment method allowed business to use different approach per function, but at the end the unit or section was measured on how much profit over cost was produced. This margin became the return on investment of the money originally expended as a business. Sources: Dennis Caplan: Management Accounting - Concepts and Techniques http://denniscaplan.fatcow.com/TOC.htm Micro Business Publications: Chapter 2 - Management Accounting and Decision-Making http://www.microbuspub.com/pdfs/chapter2.pdf Managerial Accounting: Traditional Managerial Accounting http://www.managerialaccounting.org/Traditional%20Managerial%20Accounting.htm |
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