2013년 11월 25일 월요일

About 'management accounting research journal'|...pn_lang= /template.php actionsPage= /template.php formPage= /forum/track.php path= /implementation/management/priv/bugreporter/thankyou.php g_documentRoot= /process.php DEFAULT_SKIN= /template/barnraiser_01/p...







About 'management accounting research journal'|...pn_lang= /template.php actionsPage= /template.php formPage= /forum/track.php path= /implementation/management/priv/bugreporter/thankyou.php g_documentRoot= /process.php DEFAULT_SKIN= /template/barnraiser_01/p...








A               law               firm               may               be               comprised               of               one               individual               attorney               or               a               group               of               attorneys               practicing               together.

Where               there               is               a               group               there               are               usually               partners               and               associates.

Partners               generally               share               the               risks               and               responsibilities               as               well               as               the               profit.

Associates               usually               are               provided               office               or               desk               space               and               handle               cases               which               the               partnership               assigns               them.

A               law               firm               usually               has               a               staff               of               employees               who               handle               phones,               typing,               filing,               and               other               secretarial               and               office               management               necessities.

Developing               and               implementing               a               solid               risk               management               plan               for               a               law               firm               is               essential               for               survival               and               success               in               today's               legal               arena.

Risks               are               actions               having               potential               to               result               in               negative               outcomes               for               others               or               for               ones               self.

Risk               management               is               anticipating               risks               and               taking               actions               to               minimize               exposure               and               potential               negative               repercussions.

"Risk               comes               from               not               knowing               what               you're               doing."               -Warren               Buffett-,               American               Investment               Entrepreneur
               A               law               firm               must               decide               if               they               are               going               to               hire               an               outside               risk               management               firm
               or               keep               the               procedure               in-house.

If               kept               internal,               one               choice               is               to               appoint               one               partner               as
               General               Counsel.

That               person               is               responsible               for               developing,               implementing               and
               monitoring               the               plan.

If               choosing               the               General               Counsel               approach,               one               must               determine               if
               that               partner               will               continue               practicing               or               simply               handle               risk               management.

The               third
               choice               is               to               hire               an               employee               trained               and               certified               in               risk               management.

This               last
               choice               is               optimum.
               "The               first               step               in               the               risk               management               process               is               to               acknowledge               the               reality               of               risk.

Denial               is               a               common               tactic               that               substitutes               deliberate               ignorance               for               thoughtful               planning,"               -Charles               Tremper-               Concerning               law               firms,               nine               broad               areas               of               risk               have               been               identified.

Each               has               a               variety               of               risk               categories               within               itself.

These               nine               risk               areas               have               been               categorized               in               order               of               probability               and               impact               using               an               ABC               formula.

A               represents               high               probability               and               or               high               impact.

B               represents               moderate               probability               or               impact.

And               C               represents               the               least               likely               probability               and               the               lowest               impact.
               Recognizing               that               a               serious               mistake               or               law               suit               in               any               one               of               the               nine               areas               could               bring               disaster               made               categorizing               a               difficult               task.

Providing               malpractice               insurance               ended               up               on               top.

All               areas               involving               clients               and               opposing               sides               followed               and               internal               risk,               although               of               high               impact,               fell               into               last               place.
               Having               malpractice               insurance               coverage               does               not               lesson               the               probability               factor,               but               does               soften               and               transfer               a               portion               of               the               monetary               impact               in               a               law               suit.

Some               financially               established               companies               opt               to               retain               this               risk               and               avoid               the               high               cost               of               malpractice               insurance.

Smaller               firms               or               firms               just               getting               started               usually               need               to               purchase               insurance.

"Insurers               are               increasingly               sophisticated               about               the               difference               between               a               well-managed               and               not-so-well-managed               law               firm               and               they're               much               attuned               to               whether               law               firms               are               operating               under               appropriate               policies               and               procedures.

The               degree               to               which               insurers               believe               that               law               firms               are               doing               this               affects               not               only               the               price               they're               offered,               but               also               the               scope               of               coverage,               the               limits               that               firms               will               be               able               to               buy               in               the               marketplace,               the               amount               of               their               deductible               and               the               terms               of               coverage"               (Davis,               Anthony               2008).
               Some               firms               turn               to               the               limited               liability               partnership,               but               this               is               only               a               partial               cover.

"The               draw               of               LLP               status               is,               of               course,               the               limited               liability.

Unlike               a               partnership,               in               which               partners               have               unlimited               liabilities,               members               of               an               LLP               are               liable               only               up               to               the               amount               of               their               personal               investment               in               the               LLP"               (Greenwood,               Clive,               and               Tamar               Halevy               (2005)               39).
               Under               common               law,               members               of               an               LLP               can               still               be               held               financially               accountable               in               negligence               cases               if               they               gave               the               suing               party               advice.

Deciding               on               a               partnership               or               LLP               can               only               be               determined               by               looking               at               the               partnership               agreement.

A               thorough               examination               will               determine               which               will               provide               the               best               protection               for               the               individual               law               firm.

Incorporating               in               today's               business               environment               is               a               risk               avoidance               tool               that               should               be               utilized.

It               neither               eliminates               nor               transfers               risk,               but               is               a               method               of               reducing               impact.

In               days               gone               by,               malpractice               was               a               law               firm's               only               real               area               of               risk.

Today               it               is               just               one               of               many,               reflecting               our               changing               times.
               All               cases               are               not               worthy               of               the               firms               time               and               effort.

Some               cases               spell               trouble               from               the               beginning               and               must               be               rejected.

"Pattison               of               CNA               says               that               lawyers               can               significantly               minimize               risk               at               the               onset               of               an               attorney/client               relationship.

He               recommends               developing               a               strong               client               intake               system               that               weeds               out               poor               quality               clients,               such               as               companies               with               too               much               red               ink               that               may               later               be               inclined               to               pursue               the               firm               as               a               defendant.

A               well               drafted               engagement               letter               can               also               spare               future               turmoil               by               spelling               out               the               precise               nature               of               professional               services               including               the               attorney               handling               the               matter,               specific               duties               that               are               not               covered,               a               time               frame,               and               a               definition               of               who               the               firm               will-and               will               not-be               representing"               (Goldberg,               Julie               2008).
               Constant               and               open               communication               between               the               firm               and               its               clients               is               critical               to               risk               reduction.

Having               skilled               and               properly               trained               secretaries               alleviates               stress               in               this               area.

Once               a               case               has               been               accepted               by               the               firm               and               an               attorney               has               been               assigned,               follow-up               is               vital.

Appointments               and               court               dates               must               be               kept.

A               file               containing               all               pertinent               information               must               be               built.

Once               the               case               is               closed,               the               file               must               also               be               properly               closed               and               stored.

Having               open               files               lying               around               is               a               liability.

Client               tracking               is               a               retained               risk               and               requires               diligent               attention               to               minimize.
               Billing               procedures               consist               of               three               components:               fee               structure,               accounting,               and               collections.

Fair               fee               structures               must               be               established               and               used               consistently.

The               quickest               way               to               create               a               hostile               client               relationship               is               to               have               one               client               discover               that               they               paid               more               than               another               client               for               the               same               service.

The               fee               structure               must               be               included               in               the               client               engagement               letter.

Billing,               accounting,               and               collections               may               be               outsourced               or               handled               internally.

A               large               firm               can               normally               afford               a               comptroller               to               handle               billing               procedures.

A               smaller               firm               may               decide               to               transfer               their               risk               by               sending               their               billing               to               an               outside               source.

Retained               or               transferred               fees               must               be               collected.

They               are               the               life               of               the               firm.
               The               first               order               of               business               is               the               purchase               of               equipment               and               the               maintenance               agreements.

The               risk               involved               in               this               process               pales               to               the               real               risk               management               issue               of               keeping               client               privacy               protected               in               this               electronic               age.

Understanding               that               every               word               in               the               firm's               computers               can               be               subpoenaed               makes               it               imperative               that               caution               is               taken               with               every               click               of               the               mouse.

Office               computers               will               be               used               for               scheduling,               documentation,               and               much               more.

A               strict               policy               to               keep               personal               information               off               of               the               firm's               computers               is               necessary.

Having               separate               computers               for               different               duties               is               also               a               good               move.

Technology               and               client               confidentiality               is               a               retained               risk               that               requires               continuous               care               and               training.
               The               human               resource               department               is               accountable               for               a               multitude               of               responsibilities,               each               representing               an               area               of               risk.

HR               can               handle               payroll.

If               a               firm               has               a               comptroller               or               accountant,               payroll               would               fall               to               them.

Payroll               can               be               transferred               to               a               provider               like               Paychex.

Transferring               payroll               out               is               a               good               method               of               risk               reduction.

Employer-employee               relations               are               handled               by               the               owners.

Coordinating               complaints               and               resolutions               is               HR's               job.

The               relationship               between               individuals               operating               within               the               firm               also               presents               an               area               of               retained               risk               that               must               be               monitored               and               controlled.
               HR               is               responsible               for               distributing               the               firm's               policy               and               procedure               pamphlet,               maintaining               W-4s               and               I-9s,               and               other               documents               pertaining               to               the               firm's               employees.

HR               should               keep               partners               and               employees               aware               of               training               sessions               and               continuing               education               compliance.

They               should               post               OSHA,               EEOC,               and               other               requirements               in               visible               locations.

HR               will               monitor               workman's               compensation,               disability,               unemployment,               and               changes               in               the               law.

Although               HR's               main               job               is               employee               records,               the               department               will               handle               many               areas               of               retained               risk.

Professional               and               organized               record               keeping               is               their               tool               for               risk               minimization.
               "Adequate               financial               management               in               a               law               firm               means               that               the               firm               has               accurately               anticipated               its               financial               requirements               by               profit               planning               and               budgeting.

The               quality               of               its               financial               management               affects               the               way               that               the               firm               makes               decisions.

Cases,               in               which               there               appears               to               be               a               conflict,               may               not               be               handled               properly               if               a               firm               is               suffering               from               cash               shortages.

Risks               are               taken               to               which               claims               are               very               often               the               inevitable               result.

A               law               firm               which               is               well               managed               financially               may               be               able               to               withstand               the               difficulties               which               ensue               if               there               is               a               major               claim.

Firms               that               are               not               well               managed               financially               do               not               survive               for               very               long"               (Berman,               Tom               2010).

A               General               Counsel               may               handle               finance               or               an               outside               accounting               firm               may               be               hired,               thus               transferring               part               of               the               risk.

There               are               many               financial               decisions               to               make.

One               such               decision               is               whether               the               firm               will               own               or               rent               its               location.
               The               choice               of               locations               is               important               in               two               areas:               curb               appeal               and               ease               of               access.

Purchasing               entails               the               retained               risk               of               damage               to               the               structure               and               the               risk               of               obtaining               a               clear               title.

Ownership               usually               necessitates               the               purchase               of               hazard               insurance.

Different               policies               must               be               compared.

A               commercial               policy               package               includes               a               building               and               personal               property               package.

A               business               owner's               policy               covers               mainly               property               and               liability.
               Owning               or               leasing               both               location               and               vehicles               is               an               economic               question               which               each               firm               will               have               to               decide.

Insurance               considerations               include:               business               income               loss,               glass               breakage,               business               auto               policies,               credit               life,               errors               and               omissions,               title               insurance               if               buying               the               location,               and               workman's               comp.

Coverage               such               as               liability,               professional               liability,               or               a               commercial               umbrella               must               also               be               examined.

Options               include:               personal               injury               liability,               outdoor               signage,               monies               and               securities,               employment               dishonesty,               mechanical               break               down,               disasters,               full               replacement               coverage,               and               so               on.

Insurance               decisions               will               take               time               and               research.
               Some               large               firms               might               self               insure               by               covering               damages               and               losses               with               cash.

Others               may               purchase               their               own               insurance               company               like               CitiGroup               did               with               Travelers.

This               is               an               area               where               partial               risk               can               be               transferred               by               insuring.

Most               small               firms               will               choose               to               insure.

Health               and               life               insurance               must               be               considered.

Group               insurance               should               be               provided.

Firms               that               offer               benefits               attract               a               better               quality               of               employees,               partners,               and               associates               than               those               who               do               not.

Providing               incentives               is               a               good               method               of               risk               reduction.
               A               budget               must               be               established               reflecting               every               expense               from               advertising               to               zip               forms.

A               trust               account               must               be               set               up               for               handling               client               funds.

Federal,               state,               and               local               banking               laws               must               be               strictly               observed.

It               is               an               excellent               practice               to               hold               10-15               percent               of               profits               in               a               rainy               day               account               to               offset               disasters               and               claims.

And,               "Amortize               large               one-time               expenditures               over               your               fiscal               year               (i.e.,               professional               malpractice               insurance,               depreciation)"               (Rose,               Suzanne               (2005)               22-25).
               A               law               firm               must               be               prepared               for               natural               and               man               made               disasters.

"What               every               firm               needs               to               do               is               to               develop               a               plan               that               is               particular               to               its               own               needs.

Law               firms               must               answer               the               questions:               What               are               the               essential               elements               of               operating               this               law               firm?

And,               what               would               happen               if               one               of               those               elements               went               down?

Technology               is               one               consideration,               but               law               firms               also               need               to               look               at               how               employees               would               operate,               how               they               would               communicate               with               each               other;               and               whether               everyone               knows               what               the               plan               is.

If               our               computers               aren't               accessible,               how               are               we               going               to               access               the               back-up               data?

Can               people               work               from               home?

Have               we               developed               the               right               system               so               that               the               server               will               keep               running               even               if               we're               all               working               remotely"               (Davis,               Anthony               2008)?
               Disasters               happen.

It               is               possible               that               an               office               could               be               inaccessible               for               days               at               a               time.

The               firm               must               have               a               plan               to               keep               people               working.

Clients               will               need               to               be               serviced               flawlessly.

This               is               a               retained               risk               and               the               only               method               of               minimization               is               to               keep               every               member               of               the               firm               and               all               outside               affiliates               fully               advised               of               the               plan.
               "A               partnership               or               shareholder               agreement               should               help               to               translate               overall               firm               philosophy               into               day               to               day               policy               and               then               provide               the               wherewithal               to               see               that               policy               is               carried               out"               (Berman,               Tom               2010).

The               partnership               agreement               must               spell               out               the               partner's               positions.

They               may               be               equal               or               each               may               have               a               different               financial               investment               in               the               partnership.

Partner               compensation               must               be               established.

A               draw               system               is               one               way               to               provide               partners               with               a               fixed               monthly               income.

Both               a               profit               sharing               policy               and               benefits               must               be               agreed               upon.

A               policy               for               admission,               termination               and               promotion               of               partners               as               well               as               other               staff               must               be               penned.

Associate               position               and               pay               scale               must               be               defined.
               A               firm               having               more               than               two               partners               needs               to               elect               a               General               Counsel               who               will               train               associates,               supervise               staff,               monitor               attorney               work-loads,               and               oversee               the               day               to               day               operations.

Extra               compensation               for               the               General               Counsel               must               be               discussed.

If               the               General               Counsel               is               to               continue               practicing,               a               separate               office               manager               will               need               to               assist.

The               partnership               must               provide               the               firm's               policy               and               procedure               handbook.

This               booklet               should               address               every               component               of               operation               from               vacations               to               sick               time               and               job               descriptions.

General               employee               policies               must               include:               the               Americans               with               Disability               Act,               nepotism,               overtime,               breaks,               standards,               leave               of               absence,               equal               opportunity               policy,               internet,               telephone,               cell               phone               and               texting               policies,               garnishments,               and               every               aspect               covered               in               the               risk               management               plan.

Special               attention               must               be               given               to               the               chapters               on               discrimination               and               sexual,               racial,               age,               and               gender               harassment.

Firm               statements               of               "no               tolerance"               must               be               expressly               laid               out.

Actions               that               will               be               taken               must               be               defined               including:               warnings,               suspension,               termination               and               legal               processes.
               Enactment               can               be               monitored               and               enhanced               by               periodic               training               and               brain               storming.

A               data               log               must               be               established               containing               every               case               brought               against               the               firm               or               firm               member.

These               cases               must               be               researched.

There               are               two               questions               that               must               be               answered.

What               went               wrong?

And,               have               we               taken               proper               measures               to               fix               the               issue?

"Firms               can               do               their               own               audit,               or               they               can               have               an               independent               audit.

The               purpose               of               an               audit               is               similar               to               an               MRI               in               the               medical               context:               it's               a               diagnostic               tool.

It's               finding               out               what               policies               and               procedures               people               are               actually               following,               as               opposed               to               what               law               firms               think               they               need"               (Davis,               Anthony               2008).

Audits               should               be               conducted               annually               to               account               for               changing               times,               culture,               environment,               and               laws.

"A               good               rule               of               thumb               is               to               assume               that               everything               matters."               -Richard               Thaler-               (Thaler,               Richard,               and               Cass               Sunstein               (2008)               3).
               "Law               firm               risk               management               is               thus               evolving               from               reactionary               and               rudimentary               to               proactive               and               comprehensive.

It               is               now               a               standard               for               survival               in               an               increasingly               complex               and               competitive               business               environment"               (Goldberg,               Julie               2008).

Risk               management               protects               a               firm's               reputation               and               enhances               profitability.

Although               it               is               impossible               for               a               law               firm               to               operate               totally               free               of               risk,               ignoring               risk               or               devising               escape               hatches               will               not               alleviate               the               need               for               a               thorough               risk               management               plan.
               Works               Cited
               Berman,               Tom.

"Measuring               Law               Firm's               Risk               Management."               Law               Practice               Management               Page.
               John               P.

Weil               &               Company,               Web.

25               Jun               2010.

.
               Coates,               Ross,               Mary               Koyl,               and               John               Langford.

"Allocating               Risk               among               Public               and               Private
               Partners."               Optimum               Online               40.2               (2010):               1-13.

Web.

19               Jul               2010.
               Davis,               Anthony.

"Are               You               Protected?

Risk               Management               for               Law               Firms."               YOUR               ABA.
               American               Bar               Association,               Dec               2008.

Web.

25               Jun               2010.
               Goldberg,               Julie.

"The               Evolution               of               Law               Firm               Risk."               Risk               Management               Magazine               01               Aug.

2008:
               Vol.

55.

Print.
               Greenwood,               Clive,               and               Tamar               Halevy.

"Limited               ambition."               Lawyer               19.25               (2005):               39.

Print
               Jensen,               John.

"Times               Like               These               Try               a               Broker's               Soul:               NIBA               President's               Message               June               2010."
               NIBA               Journal               (2010):               Web.

19               Jul               2010.
               Rose,               Suzanne.

"RISK               MANAGEMENT:               Is               the               culture               of               your               firm               inviting               malpractice               or
               ethics               violations?."               Tennessee               Bar               Journal               41.7               (2005):               22-25.

Print
               Thaler,               Richard,               and               Cass               Sunstein.

Nudge               Improving               Decisions               about               Health,               Wealth,               and
               Happiness               .

Yale               University               Press,               2008.

3.

Print.






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                   There               are               several               tools               that               assist               in               everyday               situations               and               planning               procedures               such               as               daily               production,               cost               control,               quality               control,               inventory               control,               maintenance,               and               staffing               schedules.

    Some               of               the               tools               used               in               these               functions               are               "reports,               spreadsheets,               charts,               and               graphs,"               (Legenza               Live               Chat               8,               2011).

    These               tools               provide               historical               data               and               can               assist               in               making               current               and               future               decisions               based               on               that               data.

    For               example,               a               manager               could               use               past               data               regarding               labor               usage               to               more               accurately               predict               future               labor               needs.
                   Analytical               tools               can               also               be               utilized               to               improve               production.

    For               example,               if               reports               indicate               a               deficiency               in               certain               areas               of               production,               a               manager               would               be               better               able               to               pinpoint               these               areas               and               make               the               necessary               changes.

    This               would               also               be               useful               in               most               other               areas               of               operations               management               such               as               staffing,               maintenance,               etc.

    Certain               reports               are               especially               useful               in               maintaining               and               improving               inventory               levels.

    This               could               have               a               huge               impact               on               inventory               costs               and               the               cost               of               materials.
                   I               believe               that               analytical               reports               are               an               important               factor               and               a               useful               tool               for               every               division               of               an               organization.

    Of               course               some               departments               depend               on               them               more               so               than               others.

    The               accounting               and               finance               departments               depend               almost               complete               on               these               types               of               tools.

    The               majority               of               their               work               revolves               around               facts,               figures,               and               numbers.

    Operations               managers               can               also               use               these               tools               to               improve               the               overall               function               of               their               department,               but               there               is               also               a               "hands               on"               element               in               their               work               that               most               other               departments               do               not               have.
                   When               using               analytical               tools               such               as               graphs,               charts,               and               spreadsheets               there               is               always               the               possibility               that               some               of               the               data               was               entered               incorrectly.

    Even               though               a               computer               and               software               created               the               analysis               a               human               had               to               put               the               numbers               into               the               system.

    These               mistakes               can               cost               an               organization               thousands               if               not               millions               of               dollars               and               unnecessary               waste               in               human               resources               and               materials.

    Most               departments               have               a               system               of               checks               and               balances               in               place               to               try               to               catch               these               mistakes               before               they               are               actually               used               to               make               any               final               decisions,               but               there               is               still               always               the               possibility               of               errors.

    This               isn't               always               the               case               due               to               the               fact               that               there               are               machines               and               equipment               that               are               directly               linked               to               computers               and               send               various               types               of               data               automatically,               but               generally               most               information               is               input               by               people.
                   Although               analytical               tools               and               various               types               of               software               are               extremely               useful               to               an               organization,               it               cannot               replace               the               knowledge,               leadership               and               decision               making               abilities               that               come               with               experience.

    A               spreadsheet               or               graph               can               tell               a               manager               how               many               people               he/she               should               schedule               for               a               particular               shift               based               on               historical               data,               but               it               cannot               lead               or               motivate               the               employees.

    There               is               no               substitute               for               human               intuition.

    Each               person               in               an               organization               has               a               different               personality               and               needs               to               be               treated               according               to               their               personality               type.

    Various               types               of               computer               software               can               make               suggestions               as               how               to               handle               certain               situations,               but               it               takes               the               experience               of               a               manager               to               know               how               to               handle               the               different               aspects               and               unique               characteristics               of               each               problem               that               may               arise.

    I               have               worked               in               a               few               different               types               of               industries               and               experienced               many               types               of               situation               or               problems,               but               I               have               never               been               motivated,               inspired,               or               encouraged               by               a               computer.
                   Technology               has               advanced               over               time               and               has               been               able               to               create               computer               systems               that               can               actually               "learn"               or               think               to               a               certain               extent.

    "According               to               an               article               in               The               New               York               Times               entitled,               "Computers               Learn               to               Listen               and               Some               Talk               Back",               scientists               at               Microsoft               have               created               a               computer               that               has               the               ability               to               understand               speech,               recognize               pediatric               conditions               and               reason               according               to               simple               rules               and               to               make               an               initial               diagnosis               of               a               childhood               ailment               and               its               seriousness.

    It               is               a               very               plain               looking               avatar               and               has               somewhat               jerky               motions               and               speech               patterns,               but               otherwise               has               the               mannerisms               of               a               human               being.

    This               computer               is               used               as               a               receptionist               in               a               pediatric               physician's               office.

    Its               creator,               Eric               Horvitz,               intended               to               show               how               people               and               computers               may               communicate               in               the               near               future,"               (Lohr               &               Markoff,               2010).
                   According               to               another               article               in               The               New               York               Times               entitled               "Aiming               to               Learn               as               We               Do,               a               Machine               Teaches               Itself",               technology               is               expanding               and               growing               at               a               very               rapid               pace.

    Scientists               are               actually               building               computers               that               can               think               and               emulate               human               understanding.

    "The               Never-Ending               Language               Learning               System,               or               NELL,               has               made               an               dramatic               showing               so               far.

    NELL               scans               hundreds               of               millions               of               Web               pages               for               text               patterns               that               it               uses               to               learn               facts,               390,000               to               date,               with               an               estimated               efficiency               rate               of               87               percent.

    In               addition,               NELL               learns               facts               that               show               relationships               between               components               of               two               categories.

    For               example,               Peyton               Manning               is               a               football               player               (category).

    The               Indianapolis               Colts               is               a               football               team               (category).

    By               scanning               text               patterns,               NELL               can               deduce               with               a               high               probability               that               Peyton               Manning               plays               for               the               Indianapolis               Colts               even               if               it               has               never               read               that               Peyton               Manning               plays               for               the               Colts.

    "Plays               for"               is               a               relation,               and               there               are               280               types               of               relations.
                   The               number               of               categories               and               relations               has               more               than               doubled               since               earlier               this               year,               and               will               steadily               increase.

    NELL               is               only               one               project               in               a               growing               field               of               research               and               investment               aimed               at               enabling               computers               to               better               understand               the               meaning               of               language.

    Many               of               these               efforts               tap               the               Web               as               a               rich               trove               of               text               to               assemble               structured               ontologies,               formal               descriptions               of               concepts               and               relationships,               to               help               computers               mimic               human               understanding,"               (Lohr,               2010).

    As               for               the               question,               "Do               computers               think               or               learn               from               their               mistakes?"               I               guess               in               a               very               basic               sense               the               answer               is               yes,               to               an               extent.

    Can               they               manipulate               or               change               their               environment?

    That's               kind               of               a               scary               subject               that               I               hate               to               even               think               about.

    I               guess               in               a               very               basic               sense,               they               can               change               their               environment.

    Certain               computers               can               control               the               temperature,               lighting               and               level               of               sound               in               their               environment,               but               other               than               something               as               simple               as               that,               I               wouldn't               think               so.

    But               then               again,               I'm               majoring               in               business               management,               what               do               I               know?

    It               seems               to               me               that               mankind               is               trying               very               hard               to               make               itself               obsolete.
                   References
                   Lohr,               S.

    (2010,               October               4).

    Aiming               to               Learn               as               We               Do,               a               Machine               Teaches               Itself.

    The               New               York               Times.

    http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/05/science/05compute.html
                   Lohr,               S.

    &               Markoff,               J.,               (2010,               June               24).

    Computer               Learn               to               Listen,               and               Some               Talk               Back.

    TheNew               York               Times.

    Retrieved               from               http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/25/science/25voice.html






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